Factors That Lead To Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Essay

Factors That Lead To Smoking and Alcohol Consumption - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that many articles, books, and documentaries have been written about the advantages and disadvantages of drinking and smoking. The contradiction that exists between the pros and cons is what struck hard. While many concerned scholars have researched on the negative effects of drinking and smoking, a whole lot of others have come up with theories that try to explain the benefits of nicotine found in cigarettes and the positive effects of alcohol. It pains the author when he sees how cigarette manufacturing companies continue manufacturing the same, knowing pretty well of the effects. After thinking about these things, the researcher decided to research and writes nothing but the whole truth regarding alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The writing process was not easy. This is because there is a whole lot of literature written regarding these two topics. The author, therefore, had to go an extra mile to ensure that he does not repeat wh at is already known. This, therefore, called for him to do an extensive research, in order to identify what was not covered by those who went before the author. The researcher finds these two topics to be the most appropriate for his project because of how closely they relate to each other, in that before consuming alcohol or smoking cigarette, one is motivated or compelled by something or someone. Nicotine and alcohol are among the most highly abused substances in the contemporary society. The effects might not be instant, but they do take their toll on the consumer’s body ultimately. Alcohol is known by many as the sole cause of liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, lung cancer is directly an effect of excessive cigarette smoking. These are just but a few of the major negative effects.

Discuss the social and health needs of prisoner in the UK and why Essay

Discuss the social and health needs of prisoner in the UK and why these needs are of relevance to the wider community - Essay Example However as the population of prisoners increase by day, the conditions surrounding the imprisoned in the country have deteriorated. There is a need for better health care in prisons and for an improvement in the prisoners’ general life inside bars. The National Health Service for example has recently got the mandate to look into matters of health care for prisoners taking over this duty from the prison service (Williamson 2006). This is a good call since there is admittedly a need to look into social and health issues of the prisoners. This paper will discuss the social and health needs of the prisoners in the United Kingdom and the reasons as to why the needs are relevant to the wider community. There is a wide spread concern that the rules and regimes of the prison environment could have detrimental impacts on the mental health of the prisoners and especially those with mental illnesses already. It is also well documented that the incidences of psychiatric morbidity and subs tance abuse is higher among the prisoners than the general public. Thus with the growing population, there are now more people with mental illnesses in the prisons than ever before (Harris, Hek and Condon 2007). The overcrowding, separation from family and friends, loss of autonomy and boredom are potentially detrimental to the mental stability of the prisoners. There is therefore a need to improve the state of mental healthcare so as to get to the main of objectives of the prisons to be anti-therapeutic environments. There is a need to really care for the prisoners from reception through to discharge mentally so as to improve their perceptions in the quality of their lives. The staff administering mental healthcare inside the prisons should have extra training to identify the prisoners who need extra support, those with history of mental illness and those who will be on remand for a long time (Brooker 2009). The population of the prisons in England and Wales has doubled in the last 20 years thus making the prisons to overcrowd. Overcrowding is the state where a prison contains more prisoners than the establishment’s CNA (Certified Normal Accommodation). THE United Kingdom has the highest percentage of overcrowding in Europe. The overcrowding leads to enormous burdens on the staff making it difficult to offer adequate resources to the offenders. This exacerbates tension and frustration levels by prisoners leading to higher risks of violence. This leaves prisoners under the danger of being hurt or killed. It also deteriorates the living conditions where inmates eat, sleep and even defecate in the cell, like in the case of Bedford, a condition which leaves them to the danger of infections. The overcrowding also denies some prisoners the access to education, training and work. This is because there is a high demand due to the high population. Overcrowding also brings difficulties in mental, drug and alcohol abuse treatment services. It is also expensive an d increases the risk of a prisoner to committing crimes after release due to the above inconveniences (Singleton et al 1998). Some of the prisoners are fathers and mothers. This means that they are forced to combine serving their sentences and parenting. Their families therefore need support from the society and the administration. Their kids are especially at risks of experiencing poverty, mental illnesses, poor housing and more negative incomes. Most children with parents in prison will most likely go on to offend. There are also the